ABSTRACT The collapse of the Fundão Dam in Mariana, MG, in 2015 introduced the challenge of using Technosol, a soil type formed by deposition of iron mining waste along the Doce River banks, for agricultural purposes. This study aimed to determine the optimal water depth for enhancing production of tropical forage, Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombasa, when grown on iron ore tailings. Additionally, it sought to establish a crop coefficient applicable to the edaphoclimatic conditions of Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The experiment was conducted throughout the summer, fall, and winter of 2022, employing 21 drainage lysimeters. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted, featuring six treatment groups (plants in Technosol receiving water depths ranging from 20 to 120% of the crop’s evapotranspiration, as derived from the control treatment), along with a control group (plants in Latosol with a depth of 100%), each with three repetitions. Our findings showed that irrigation must replace 40% of the crop evapotranspiration. Moreover, cultivating in Technosol resulted in a reduction of productive capacity by 37.39% during the summer/fall and fall seasons. For Mombasa grass grown in Oxisol, crop coefficients of 1.2 during the summer and 1.5 during the fall and winter are advised.

RESUMO O rompimento da Barragem do Fundão em Mariana, MG, ocorrida em 2015, trouxe o desafio de usar o Tecnossolo (tipo de solo) formado pela deposição do rejeito de mineração de ferro nas margens do Rio Doce para agricultura. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi obter a lâmina de água para otimizar a produção da forragem tropical Megathyrsus maximum cv. Mombaça, cultivada em rejeito de mineração de ferro e determinar seu coeficiente de cultura para as condições edafoclimáticas de Viçosa, MG. O experimento foi realizado durante as estações de verão, outono e inverno do ano de 2022, com a utilização de 21 lisímetros de drenagem. O experimento foi distribuído em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos (plantas em Tecnossolo com lâminas variando de 20 a 120% da evapotranspiração da cultura, obtida do tratamento-testemunha) e adição de uma testemunha (plantas em Latossolo com lâmina de 100%) com três repetições. Recomenda-se irrigação com reposição de 40% da evapotranspiração da cultura. O cultivo em Tecnossolo diminuiu a capacidade produtiva em 37,39% nos ciclos das estações do verão/outono e outono. Recomenda-se os coeficientes de cultura de 1,2 no verão e 1,5 no outono e no inverno, para o capim-Mombaça cultivado em um Latossolo.

ABSTRACT The collapse of the Fundão dam in Brazil caused one of the biggest environmental disasters. One of the challenges was how to manage the tailings so that affected areas could be reused. This study aimed to verify whether applying different irrigation depths to Xaraés grass grown with iron mining tailings would affect grass shoot and root dry masses. The experiment was set up in a randomized design with five irrigation depths (40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of crop evapotranspiration) and two additional treatments (grass grown in tailings with soil conditioner, and grass grown in natural soil), each with three repetitions. The grass was cut four times, and the shoot dry mass was evaluated after each cut, while the root dry mass was evaluated at the end of the experiment. Our results showed that irrigation depths had a positive linear effect on shoot dry mass and an exponentially increasing effect on root dry mass, with the highest averages in the treatment applying 120% of crop evapotranspiration. This study showed that even in adverse conditions, Xaraés grass was able to grow and develop well.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the efficacy of utilizing wastewater from fish farming tanks for fertigating lettuce crops as an alternative to inappropriate disposal methods. A randomized block experimental design was employed in a 3 x 8 factorial scheme, comprising three treatments: two varying percentages of wastewater (50% and 100%), alongside a control treatment employing only well water, with eight replications each. The trial was conducted in a field under protected cultivation, within a low tunnel-type structure. Biometric parameters of the lettuce plants were analyzed, including stem diameter, plant height, stem length, head diameter, root length, leaf fresh matter, leaf dry matter, stem fresh matter, stem dry matter, root fresh matter, root dry matter, leaf count, fresh shoot mass, and commercial productivity. Significant results were observed with the application of 100% wastewater treatment up to 20 days after transplanting (DAT), particularly for the biometric variables: plant head diameter (average 37.4 cm) and leaf count (average 13.7 units) at 36 DAT, of crisp lettuce Grand Rapids loose leaf seedlings. The reuse of wastewater during the experiment showed promising potential in replacing chemical fertilizers throughout the crop cycle. This practice facilitates the repurposing of water from fish farming, providing farmers with an alternative income source during the fish development phase, and mitigates improper wastewater disposal.

Abstract Among agricultural components, crop ecophysiological parameters play an essential role in garlic growth and yield. This study aimed to characterize the structure and spatialization of garlic crop parameters, evaluating spatial correlations among yield, lateral shoot growth, and plant ecophysiological components. These consisted of intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, transpiration, water-use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, photosynthetically active radiation, relative humidity around leaves, relative humidity in leaves, air temperature, leaf temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and water content in the air and leaves. Our results showed that irrigated purple garlic yield, lateral shoot growth, and ecophysiological components are spatially dependent. A cross-semivariogram between plant ecophysiological parameters showed negative spatial correlations and spatial dependence, with a coefficient of determination (r2) above 0.730. These findings indicate a close correlation between garlic yield and lateral shoot growth with the ecophysiological parameters studied. In short, purple garlic production had a high inter-spatial correlation with plant transpiration and water contents in the air and leaves.

ABSTRACT Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a legume belonging to the Fabaceae family, whose production aims at high pod yields and quality. This study aimed to investigate peanut physical traits and point out their relationship with total pod mass. Therefore, we evaluated total pod mass and the pod physical components: grain mass, pod shell mass, pod length, greatest and smallest transverse pod diameters, number of grains per pod, pod area, pod perimeter, and fruit volume. Initially, these morphological variables were correlated by Pearson’s coefficient, and a correlation network was used to graphically express the obtained results. Path analysis identified that pod total mass has a cause-and-effect relationship with the variables number of grains per pod, grain mass, and pod shell mass. As a result, these variables can be used in indirect selection for higher crop yields; therefore, monitoring pod total mass before harvest is a strategy to predict the final yield of peanuts.

ABSTRACT Iron mining tailings have limitations for plant growth and development due to low fertility, coupled with great restriction of physical characteristics such as low water retention, high density, and lack of structure. This study aimed to evaluate whether different irrigation depths applied to Xaraés grass grown in mining tailings influence its yield and bromatological aspects. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five irrigation depths (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120% of the crop evapotranspiration), two additional treatments consisting of grass grown in tailings with soil conditioner and in natural soil, and three repetitions. Forage dry mass, plant height, leaf: stem ratio, as well as neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, crude protein, and mineral matter content, were evaluated during four cutting cycles. Xaraés grass could establish and produce forage despite cultivation limitations in iron mining tailings, which are due to their properties. Irrigation depths showed positive and linear effects on Xaraés grass dry matter yield and heights of plants grown in iron mining tailings. The soil conditioner has potential for use in pasture cultivation in iron mining tailing.

RESUMO O aumento das disputas pelo uso de água no Cerrado brasileiro, tem demandado melhorias no manejo de irrigação e aumento da produtividade de uso da água. Neste contexto, a irrigação com déficit se apresenta como uma estratégia de manejo interessante, possibilitando economia de água sem prejuízos significativos à produtividade. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a fenologia e produtividade de uma cultivar de soja submetida a diferentes condições de déficit hídrico no solo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Em cada tratamento, uma estratégia de irrigação foi aplicada com base na água disponível no solo (AD). O tratamento T1 foi realizado aplicando 80 a 100% AD; no tratamento T2, a variação permitida foi de 60 a 80% AD; no tratamento T3, foi de 40 a 60% AD; em T4, de 20 a 40% AD; e em T5, de 0 a 20% AD. Verificou-se que tanto no inverno quanto no verão, mesmo sem a necessidade de redução da retirada de água, é recomendável aplicar 60 a 80% da água disponível no solo para a cultura da soja, sem diminuir a produtividade. Em situações de restrição hídrica, é possível ter produtividade em torno de 55 e 70% no inverno e no verão, respectivamente, para a condição de 20 a 40% da água disponível no solo.

ABSTRACT The increase in disputes over water use in the Brazilian Cerrado has demanded improvements in irrigation management and increase in water use productivity. In this context, deficit irrigation is an interesting management strategy, as it enables water savings without significant losses of yield. The present study aimed to evaluate the phenology and yield of a soybean cultivar subjected to different soil moisture contents. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replicates. In each treatment, an irrigation strategy was applied based on the available water in the soil (AW). The T1 treatment was performed by applying from 80 to 100% AW; in T2 treatment, the allowed variation was from 60 to 80% AW; in T3 treatment, it was from 40 to 60% AW; in T4, from 20 to 40% AW; and in T5, from 0 to 20% AW. It was verified that, in winter and summer, even without the need to reduce water withdrawal, it is recommended to apply from 60 to 80% of the available water in the soil for soybean crop, without decreasing yield. In situations of water restriction, it is possible to have yield of around 55 and 70% in winter and summer, respectively, for the condition from 20 to 40% of the available water in the soil.

ABSTRACT Chayote is originally from southern Mexico and Guatemala and has been a staple food highly appreciated in Brazil and worldwide. This study was carried out on a Red Yellow Latosol in 2020 to investigate the relationship between the physical properties of chayote fruit of the variety Cambray and their mass, aiming to indicate criteria for direct selection of more attractive fruits. The fruit parameters evaluated were mass (MAS), largest transverse diameter (LTD), smallest transverse diameter (STD), length (FTL), volume (FTV), area (FTA), and perimeter (FTP), as well as seed area (SDA) and seed perimeter (SDP). Initially, correlations among these morphological variables were assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient, and a correlation network was used to express the results graphically. A diagnosis of multicollinearity was performed, and a condition number of 6639 (multicollinearity severe) was found. Path analysis considered the fruit mass as the main dependent variable. Our analyses showed that MAS, FTV, FTA, FTP, and STD are physical attributes with the greatest potential for selection and identification of more attractive chayote fruits of the variety Cambray for commercial purposes.

ABSTRACT Studies that seek to identify a smaller number of soil attributes that represent others can generate less expenditure of time and financial resources for monitoring cultivated areas. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution and spatial autocorrelation of physical attributes of an Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, Brazilian Soil Classification System). The evaluated attributes consisted of soil density (SD), total porosity (TP), free porosity (FP), field capacity (FC), permanent wilt point (PW), and total water availability (TW). Semivariogram adjustments and semivariance estimates were performed to characterize the structure and magnitude of the spatial dependence of soil attributes. The attributes were distributed on thematic maps and the spatial autocorrelation was estimated by the Moran index, which quantifies the degree of autocorrelation. TP showed a high positive correlation with PWP. Soil TW showed a high positive correlation with SD and a high negative correlation with FP. In turn, FP showed a high negative correlation with SD. The results showed spatial dependence for all attributes, standing out the apparent soil density and permanent wilt point, which were good evaluators of strong spatial dependence.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate relationships between the soil attributes that most affect garlic yield, which can be useful to choose a new area for the growing of this vegetable. We also aimed to study the effects of irrigation deficit at bulb formation stage (cloves) on final garlic quality and yield. The variables evaluated were garlic yield, irrigation, nitrogen, lateral shoot growing, plant water potential, bulb volume, leaf area index, soil electrical conductivity, soil mechanical resistance to penetration, and volumetric soil moisture content. Initially, the Pearson's correlation was estimated for the phenological indexes, and a correlation network was used to graphically express the results and to correct multicollinearity between variables. A track analysis was performed considering yield as the main dependent variable. The analyses showed that, of the primary garlic yield components, bulb volume is the phenological index with the greatest potential for selection and identification of garlic production. Moreover, soil resistance to penetration impaired garlic yield. Finally, irrigation deficit at clove formation stage has a negative relation with lateral shoot growing and bulb volume.

RESUMO A couve-flor é uma brássica bastante produzida e consumida no Brasil, cujo cultivo é dependente do suprimento adequado de água e nutrientes. Portanto, objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar o efeito da aplicação de lâminas de irrigação e doses de nitrogênio nos componentes de produção e na produtividade da água da cultura da couve-flor híbrida ‘Barcelona CMS’. Foram avaliadas as lâminas de 0, 75, 100, 125 e 150% da evapotranspiração da cultura combinadas com cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 75, 150, 300 e 450 kg ha-1). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas. Os efeitos da desses fatores foram avaliados pela metodologia de superfície de resposta. Observou-se que a produtividade da água pela cultura apresenta relação decrescente com a lâmina de água aplicada; portanto, a produtividade é maior quando a reposição de água é menor que o recomendado. A maior produtividade total da couve-flor estimada é de 24.547,80 kg ha-1, com diâmetro médio de 19,60 cm, altura média de 12,25 cm e massa fresca da inflorescência de 858,90 g por planta, obtida com irrigação equivalente a 132,09% da evapotranspiração da cultura e 450 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. Para obtenção do maior diâmetro e altura de inflorescência é necessária lâminas de irrigação equivalentes a 128,70 e 108,20% da evapotranspiração da cultura, respectivamente, na dose de 450 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. Portanto, a melhor resposta da produtividade da couve-flor híbrida ‘Barcelona CMS’ pode ser obtida com lâmina de irrigação superior à evapotranspiração da cultura, independentemente da dose de nitrogênio aplicada.

ABSTRACT Cauliflower is a brassica produced and consumed in Brazil, whose cultivation depends on the adequate supply of water and nutrients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation depths and nitrogen doses on the production components and water yield of cauliflower hybrid Barcelona CMS. The treatments consisted of five irrigation water depths (0, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the crop evapotranspiration) combined with five nitrogen doses (0, 75, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a split-plot arrangement. The effects of these factors were evaluated using the response surface methodology. The water yield of the crop decreases with increasing irrigation water depth; therefore, the yield is higher when water replenishment is lower than the recommended. The highest estimated total inflorescence yield is 24,547.80 kg ha-1, with a inflorescence mean diameter of 19.60 cm, a inflorescence mean height of 12.25 cm, and an inflorescence fresh weight of 858.90 g plant-1, obtained with an irrigation water depth equivalent to 132.09% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and a nitrogen dose of 450 kg ha-1. The highest inflorescence diameter and height are obtained with an irrigation depth equivalent to 128.70 and 108.20% of ETc, respectively, and a nitrogen dose of 450 kg ha-1. Therefore, the best productivity response of the Barcelona CMS cauliflower hybrid can be obtained using an irrigation depth greater than the crop evapotranspiration, regardless of the nitrogen doses.

ABSTRACT In the correct pasture management, nutritional factors such as nitrogen and potassium fertilization play an important role in the forage production and quality. The aim was to evaluate the effects of the application of water levels, nitrogen and potassium doses in the Xaraés grass in the south of the State of Tocantins. For this, Xaraés grass was cultivated in the experimental field of the Federal University of Tocantins, municipality of Gurupi, TO. We used a mixture of fertilizer, combinations of N and K2O following the 1 N: 0.8 K2O ratio. To evaluate the effect of irrigation water levels and combinations of N and K2O doses in Xaraés grass, the plant height, the crude protein content and neutral detergent fiber were determined. The greatest height observed in the grass was 61.6 cm, with the dose application of 700 kg ha-1 yr-1 of N: 0.8 K2O and a water level of 120% of the ETc. The highest protein content was 11.7%, with the highest dose application of fertilizer and absence of irrigation. The highest fiber content in neutral detergent was 64%, with the estimated amount of 385.5 kg ha-1 yr-1 of N: 0.8 K2O and a water level of 120% of ETc. The conclusion was that the plant height, fiber detergent and crude protein content were influenced by the change in water level of irrigation and fertilizer doses. The values of plant height and crude protein increased with the increase of water levels and manure dose, while the fiber content of neutral detergent decreased with the increase of irrigation and varied little with the increase of fertilizer dose.

O feijão-caupi é uma cultura de grande relevância socioeconômica nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. No entanto, apresenta baixa produtividade. A irrigação é uma técnica que possibilita aumentos na produtividade e na rentabilidade dos cultivos, principalmente quando bem manejada. Para tanto, existem diversas tecnologias de manejo. Assim, objetivando avaliar economicamente diferentes tecnologias de manejo da irrigação na produção do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), em duas épocas de cultivo (primavera e outono), na região dos cocais, no Estado do Maranhão, conduziu-se um experimento no Campo Experimental do Instituto Federal do Maranhão, em Codó-MA, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Deste modo, foi realizada uma análise econômica sob a ótica da teoria de investimentos, sem considerar a presença dos riscos na atividade. Verificou-se que o investimento na produção do feijão-caupi irrigado por aspersão convencional, nas condições edafoclimáticas da região dos cocais maranhenses, mostrou-se viável, independentemente da época de cultivo e/ou da tecnologia de manejo adotada. Entre as épocas de cultivo, observou-se que o plantio conduzido na época da primavera foi mais rentável para todos os tratamentos.

Despite the low yield, cowpea is a crop of great socio-economic interest in Northern and Northeastern Brazil. Irrigation allows improvement in crop yield and profitability, especially when properly handled, for which, several management technologies are available. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate, economically, different irrigation management technologies to cultivate cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in two growing seasons (spring and fall) in the Cocais region, Maranhão State, Brazil. We carried out a trial at an experimental area of the Institute of Maranhão, in Codó County. The experiment was performed in a randomized block design with seven treatments and four replications. Thereby, it was performed an economic analysis from the perspective of sound investment opportunity, without considering risks associated with this activity. We found that, regardless growing season and/ or management technology, it was feasible to grow cowpea under conventional sprinkling irrigation at the conditions of the Cocais region. Furthermore, it was observed that spring cropping was more profitable for all treatments.

Este trabalho objetivou analisar o efeito das proporções do tempo de irrigação com água residuária de suinocultura (ARS) e água de abastecimento (AA) na alteração da vazão de gotejadores. O experimento foi montado no esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, tendo nas parcelas as proporções de tempo de irrigação (1E3A - 1 h de ARS e 3 h de AA; 2E2A - 2 h de ARS 2 h de AA; 3E1A - 3 h de ARS e 1 h de AA, e 4E - 4 h de ARS); nas subparcelas, os tipos de gotejadores (G1, G2 e G3) e nas sub-subparcelas os tempos das avaliações (0; 20; 40; 60; 80; 100; 120; 140 e 160 h). Os atributos físico-químicos e biológicos da ARS e AA foram obtidos a cada 20 h e 80 h, respectivamente. Realizou-se a medição de vazão nos 22 gotejadores identificados de todas as linhas laterais das unidades de irrigação, também a cada 20 h. Após 160 h, gotejadores e linhas laterais foram dissecados para investigação do material de obstrução. A combinação dos gotejadores G1 e G3 com as proporções de tempo de irrigação 1E3A e 4E minimizou o processo de entupimento, sendo as reduções nos valores de vazão de 16 e 8%, respectivamente, após 160 h de operação das unidades de irrigação.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of the proportion of time irrigation with swine wastewater (ARS) and supply water (AA) on alteration of drippers flow rate. The experiment was set up on split-split-plot scheme with proportions of irrigation time of ARS and AA (1E3A - 1 h of ARS and 3 h of AA, 2E2A - 2 h of ARS and 2 h of AA, 3E1A - 3 h of ARS and 1 h of AA and 4E - 4 h of ARS) in the plot, kind drippers (G1, G2 and G3) in the subplots and the operation time (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 h) in the sub-subplots on an entirely randomized design, with three replicates. The physico-chemical and biological characteristics of ARS and AA were obtained every 20 h and 80 h, respectively. The flow rate was determined in 22 drippers of each lateral line, also, every 20 h. After 160 h, drippers and lateral line were dissected to investigate the material of obstruction. The combination of drippers G1 and G3 with the proportions of irrigation time 1E3A and 4E minimized clogging process, where the reduction on flow rate values were of 16 and 8%, respectively, after 160 h of operation of the irrigation units.

Teve-se como objetivo neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes lâminas de água e doses de nitrogênio e potássio na qualidade do capim-Tanzânia, no sul do Estado do Tocantins. O experimento foi conduzido em faixas com aspersão convencional e aplicou-se, como tratamentos, uma mistura de adubo com combinações de doses de N e K2O sempre na relação de 1 N:0,8 K2O. Para o estudo, determinaram-se ao longo do experimento: a altura de plantas (PH) e os teores de proteína bruta (PB) e de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). A maior altura de plantas obtida foi de 132,4 cm, com a dose de 691,71 kg ha-1 do adubo na proporção de 1 N para 0,8 de K2O, ou seja, 384,28 kg ha-1 de N e 307,43 kg ha-1 de K2O e lâmina de água de 80% da ETc. O maior teor de proteína bruta foi de 12,2%, com a aplicação da dose de 700 kg ha-1 ano-1 do adubo, na proporção de 1 N para 0,8 de K2O, ou seja, 388,89 kg ha-1 de N e 311,11 kg ha-1 de K2O e ausência de irrigação. O menor teor de fibra em detergente neutro foi de 60,7% com a aplicação da menor dose de adubo e da maior lâmina de água. Concluiu-se, neste trabalho, que houve aumento na altura das plantas, com o aumento da dose do adubo e da lâmina de irrigação. O teor de proteína bruta aumentou 5,4%, no período seco, com o incremento da dose de adubo e da lâmina de irrigação. No período seco, houve aumento do teor de FDN de 4,5% com o incremento da aplicação da dose de adubo e da lâmina de água.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of different water depths and nitrogen and potassium doses in the quality of Tanzania grass, in the southern of the state of Tocantins. The experiment was conducted on strips of traditional sprinklers, and used, as treatments, a mixture of fertilizer combinations of N and K2O always in the ratio of 1 N:0.8 K2O. This study determined throughout the experiment: plant height (PH), the crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The highest plant height obtained was 132.4 cm, with a fertilizer dose of 691.71 kg ha-1 in the proportion of N:0.8 K2O, in other words, 384.28 kg ha-1 of N and 307.43 kg ha-1 of K2O, and water depth of 80% of the ETc. The highest crude protein content was 12.2%, with the fertilizer dose application of 700 kg ha-1 yr-1 in the proportion of 1 N to 0.8 of K2O, in other words, 388.89 kg ha-1 of N and 311.11 kg ha-1 of K2O and absence of irrigation. The lowest level of neutral detergent fiber was 60.7% with the application of the smallest dose of fertilizer and highest water depth. It was concluded in this study that there was an increase in plant height by increasing the fertilizer dose and water depth. The crude protein content increased 5.4% in the dry season, by increasing the fertilizer dose and water depth. In the dry season, there was an increase of NDF content by 4.5% by increasing the application of fertilizer and water depth.